Interactive Architecture — Click any component to drill down into sub-components
The central nervous system — receives orders from all channels, routes to fulfillment, and orchestrates inventory, manufacturing, and logistics
The Inventory Engine is the real-time stock management core of the entire ecosystem. It is a centralized service that maintains a single source of truth for all stock levels across every location and channel. When any sale happens — whether in a retail store, on your website, via Amazon, or through a B2B order — the engine instantly decrements available stock and propagates the update to all connected systems.
| Capability | Description | Business Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Real-Time Sync | Stock updates propagate to all channels within milliseconds via event streaming (Kafka/EventBridge) | Prevents overselling across Amazon, Flipkart, and retail simultaneously |
| Available-to-Promise (ATP) | Calculates sellable quantity = On-Hand minus Reserved minus Safety Stock plus Inbound | Accurate delivery promises to customers |
| Soft Reservations | Temporarily holds stock when item is in cart (e.g., 15-min timeout) | Reduces abandoned cart stock blocking |
| Hard Allocations | Permanently reserves stock upon order confirmation | Guarantees fulfillment for paid orders |
| Multi-Location View | Aggregated view across central warehouse, regional hubs, and all stores | Intelligent fulfillment routing |
| Serial/Lot Tracking | Tracks individual lens blanks and frame batches by lot number | Recall management and expiry control |
Reorder Logic is the automated system that determines when and how much to restock each SKU. Instead of manually checking stock levels, the system continuously monitors inventory and triggers purchase orders when predefined thresholds are crossed. This prevents both stockouts (lost sales) and overstocking (tied-up capital).
| Category | Strategy | Reorder Trigger | Lead Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fast-Moving Frames (Ray-Ban, popular own-brand) | Continuous Review | ROP reached | 7-14 days |
| Lens Blanks (imported resins) | Periodic Review + Forecast | Monthly MRP run | 45-60 days |
| Seasonal Items (sunglasses) | Demand-Driven | Pre-season forecast | 30-45 days |
| Small Parts (screws, nose pads) | Two-Bin System / VMI | Bin empty | 3-7 days |
| Contact Lenses | EOQ Model | ROP + batch optimization | 14-21 days |
Cycle Counting is a method of auditing inventory where you count a small subset of items on a regular schedule throughout the year, rather than doing one massive annual stock-take that shuts down operations. Think of it as "little and often" — you verify a few SKUs every day or week so your inventory records stay accurate without disrupting business.
| Aspect | Cycle Counting | Annual Stock-Take |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Daily/weekly small batches | Once a year, everything at once |
| Business Impact | No disruption — operations continue | Warehouse/store may need to close |
| Accuracy | Higher — issues caught early | Lower — errors accumulate all year |
| Root Cause | Immediate investigation possible | Too late to find causes |
| Staffing | 1-2 people, part of daily routine | All hands on deck, overtime |
| Cost | Lower — spread over time | Higher — concentrated effort |
Not all inventory is equally important. ABC analysis classifies items by value and velocity to prioritize counting effort:
| Class | Criteria | % of SKUs | % of Value | Count Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A — High Value | Fast-moving, high-margin, critical | ~20% | ~80% | Weekly or bi-weekly |
| B — Medium Value | Moderate velocity and margin | ~30% | ~15% | Monthly |
| C — Low Value | Slow-moving, low-margin, generic | ~50% | ~5% | Quarterly or semi-annually |
Example for an eyewear brand:
System randomly selects a set number of SKUs to count each day. Good for overall accuracy but may miss problem areas.
Focus on high-risk items: those with frequent adjustments, high shrinkage history, or near reorder points.
Stock transfers move inventory between warehouses, hubs, and stores to balance supply and demand. When Store A is running low on a popular frame but Store B has excess, a transfer optimizes stock without placing a new purchase order.
When stock moves between locations, the system must decide how to value it:
| Method | Description | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Original Cost | Transfer at the original purchase price | Same-company transfers, accurate margin tracking |
| Weighted Average | Transfer at the current weighted average cost of the source location | Multiple POs with different prices |
| Transfer Price | Pre-defined internal transfer price (may include markup) | Franchise or subsidiary transfers |
| Current Replacement Cost | Transfer at current market replacement value | Insurance or audit purposes |
A BOM defines every component, material, and operation needed to manufacture one unit of a finished product. For eyewear, this spans optical materials, mechanical parts, coatings, packaging, and labor.
| Level | Type | Example | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level 0 | Finished Good | Complete Eyewear SKU | Sellable product |
| Level 1 | Sub-Assembly | Frame Assembly, Lens Assembly | Modular manufacturing |
| Level 2 | Component | Front Frame, Lens Blank | Purchased or made parts |
| Level 3 | Raw Material | Titanium sheet, Optical resin | Base materials |
| Control | Implementation | Regulation |
|---|---|---|
| Encryption at Rest | AES-256 encryption for all patient data | HIPAA, GDPR |
| Encryption in Transit | TLS 1.3 for all API and web traffic | HIPAA, GDPR |
| Access Controls | RBAC — doctors see only their patients | HIPAA, DPDP |
| Audit Logs | Every view, edit, export logged immutably | HIPAA, GDPR |
| Data Retention | Auto-archive after 7 years (configurable) | Local healthcare laws |
| Anonymization | PII stripped for analytics/ML training | GDPR, DPDP |
| Regulation | Jurisdiction | Key Requirements | System Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDPR | EU / EEA | Consent, right to erasure, data portability, DPO | Consent platform, data export API, 72hr breach notification |
| DPDP Act 2023 | India | Consent framework, data fiduciaries, grievance mechanism | Consent manager, data principal rights portal |
| PDPL | UAE / Saudi | Data localization, cross-border transfer rules | In-region data centers, transfer impact assessments |
| LGPD | Brazil | Similar to GDPR, legal basis for processing | Consent + legitimate interest documentation |
| PIPEDA | Canada | Consent, accountability, breach notification | Privacy policy, opt-out mechanisms |
Every customer interaction requires granular, revocable consent:
| Use Case | Model Type | Input Features | Output |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demand Forecasting | Time Series (Prophet, LSTM) | Sales history, seasonality, promotions, weather | Weekly SKU-level demand forecast |
| Churn Prediction | Classification (XGBoost, Random Forest) | Recency, frequency, Rx expiry, support tickets | Churn probability score (0-100) |
| Rx Expiry Prediction | Survival Analysis | Rx date, patient age, condition type | Days until Rx expires per patient |
| Inventory Optimization | Reinforcement Learning | Demand variance, lead time, holding cost | Optimal safety stock per SKU-location |
| Dynamic Pricing | Price Elasticity Model | Competitor prices, demand elasticity, margin | Recommended price per SKU |
Example: Rx Expiry Campaign
The API Gateway is the single entry point for all internal and external API traffic. It handles authentication, rate limiting, routing, and monitoring so that individual modules don't have to.
| Feature | Purpose | Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| OAuth 2.0 / JWT | Authenticate API consumers | Keycloak / Auth0 / Cognito |
| RBAC | Authorize based on role | Store manager vs warehouse staff vs doctor |
| Rate Limiting | Prevent abuse and DDoS | Token bucket per client per endpoint |
| Circuit Breaker | Fail fast when downstream is down | Auto-open after 5 errors, retry after 30s |
| API Versioning | Support multiple versions simultaneously | /v1/, /v2/ in path or header |
| Request/Response Logging | Audit and debug | ELK stack, 90-day retention |
The retail POS is the frontline revenue engine. It must handle prescription-linked sales, split payments, offline resilience, and seamless integration with inventory and clinical modules.
| Feature | Description | Business Value |
|---|---|---|
| Barcode/RFID Scanning | Instant SKU lookup with stock check and pricing | Speeds checkout, eliminates manual entry errors |
| Split Payments | Deposit + balance, multiple cards, cash + card, EMI | Flexibility increases conversion rate |
| Offline Mode | Local SQLite cache; syncs when connection restored | Never lose a sale due to connectivity |
| Clienteling App | Store associate sees customer history, preferences, Rx | Personalized service drives loyalty |
| Appointment Booking | Integrated eye exam scheduling with doctor calendar | Optimizes doctor utilization |
| Frame Try-On Tracking | Logs frames tried, photos taken, favorites saved | Retargeting and preference learning |
The Online Store is the brand's direct-to-consumer digital flagship. Unlike marketplace listings, this channel offers full control over branding, customer data, margins, and experience. For eyewear, it must solve the fundamental challenge: how do you buy glasses online without trying them on?
AR Try-On is the conversion catalyst for online eyewear. It uses facial mapping and 3D frame rendering to simulate how glasses look on the customer's face in real-time.
| Technology | How It Works | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Facial Landmark Detection | 68-point facial mesh mapping via device camera | Precise frame positioning on face |
| 3D Frame Rendering | Photogrammetry-scanned frames rendered in WebGL/Metal | Realistic texture, reflection, scale |
| Pupillary Distance (PD) Estimation | AI estimates PD from facial proportions (±2mm accuracy) | Ensures lens optical center alignment |
| Lighting Adaptation | Real-time environment lighting matched to frame rendering | Natural appearance in any room |
| Multi-Angle View | Side profile, front view, tilt detection | Complete confidence before purchase |
Customers upload a photo of their prescription or enter values manually. The system validates format, checks expiry, and flags inconsistencies before order confirmation.
| Step | Action | Validation |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Upload | Photo of physical Rx or manual entry | File type, clarity, completeness |
| 2. OCR Extraction | Google Vision / AWS Textract reads SPH, CYL, AXIS, ADD, PD | Field presence, format check |
| 3. Expiry Check | Compare Rx date against validity period (1-2 years per jurisdiction) | Flag expired prescriptions |
| 4. Power Range Check | Validate SPH/CYL within manufacturable range (e.g., ±12.00D) | Block impossible orders |
| 5. Doctor Verification | Cross-check doctor license number against registry | Fraud prevention |
| 6. Customer Confirm | Display parsed Rx for customer approval | Human-in-the-loop accuracy |
The lens configurator guides customers through lens options with real-time pricing and visual explanations. It ensures the right lens is ordered for the prescription and lifestyle.
| Coating | Function | Price Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Hard Coat | Scratch resistance | Included |
| Anti-Reflective (AR) | Reduces glare, improves clarity | +$20-40 |
| Blue Light Filter | Blocks 400-450nm (screen protection) | +$15-30 |
| Photochromic | Darkens in sunlight (Transitions®) | +$80-120 |
| Polarized | Glare reduction for sunglasses | +$50-80 |
| UV Protection | Blocks 100% UVA/UVB | Included |
BOPIS bridges online convenience with immediate gratification. The system checks store inventory in real-time, reserves the item, and notifies the store for pickup preparation.
Recurring revenue through contact lens subscriptions. Customers set delivery frequency; the system auto-fulfills based on consumption patterns and Rx validity.
| Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Subscription Plans | Monthly, quarterly, bi-annual delivery of contact lens boxes |
| Rx Validity Check | Auto-pause shipment if Rx expires; prompt for renewal |
| Flexible Frequency | Customer adjusts delivery date ±7 days; skip a shipment |
| Loyalty Integration | Subscription customers earn 2x loyalty points |
| Churn Prevention | ML predicts cancellation risk; proactive retention offers |
D2C Marketplaces extend the brand's reach beyond its own website to platforms where customers already shop. The challenge is maintaining brand consistency, inventory accuracy, and pricing discipline across channels while leveraging each platform's unique audience and tools.
| Channel | Audience | Key Integration | Strategic Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon | Mass market, high intent | Amazon MWS/SP-API | Volume driver, search visibility |
| Flipkart | India Tier 1-3 cities | Flipkart Seller API | Domestic market penetration |
| Myntra | Fashion-conscious millennials | Myntra Seller Portal | Brand positioning, discovery |
| Instagram Shopping | Gen Z, visual-first | Meta Commerce API | Inspiration-driven impulse buys |
| WhatsApp Commerce | Conversational, trust-based | WhatsApp Business API | High-touch, personalized sales |
| Lazada / Shopee | Southeast Asia | Regional marketplace APIs | International expansion |
A single product catalog feeds all marketplaces. The sync engine maps internal SKUs to each platform's taxonomy, enforces channel-specific pricing, and maintains real-time inventory levels to prevent overselling.
Amazon is typically the highest-volume marketplace. Deep integration ensures automated listing, inventory sync, order ingestion, and fulfillment coordination.
| Feature | API Endpoint | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Product Listings | PUT /listings/2021-08-01/items/{sellerId}/{sku} | On catalog change |
| Inventory Sync | PATCH /listings/2021-08-01/items/{sellerId}/{sku} | Real-time (webhook) |
| Order Retrieval | GET /orders/v0/orders | Every 2 minutes |
| Shipping Confirm | POST /orders/v0/orders/{orderId}/shipment | On dispatch |
| FBA Inbound | POST /fba/inbound/v0/plans | Weekly replenishment |
| Reports (Sales) | GET /reports/2021-06-30/reports | Daily |
WhatsApp Commerce transforms messaging into a sales channel. Customers browse catalogs, ask questions, and complete purchases within the chat interface — ideal for high-consideration products like prescription eyewear.
| Metric | Own Website | Amazon | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg. Order Value | $180 | $145 | $120 | $200 |
| Return Rate | 8% | 12% | 15% | 5% |
| Customer Acquisition Cost | $35 | $25 | $18 | $12 |
| Margin (after fees) | 55% | 28% | 42% | 48% |
| Repeat Purchase Rate | 35% | 18% | 22% | 45% |
The B2B Wholesale channel serves optical shops, department stores, and regional distributors who resell the brand's products. Unlike B2C, this channel requires tiered pricing, credit management, bulk workflows, and white-label capabilities.
| Tier | Annual Volume | Discount | Payment Terms | Benefits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platinum | $500K+ | 45% off MRP | Net 90 | Exclusive territory, co-marketing, priority stock |
| Gold | $200K–$500K | 38% off MRP | Net 60 | Seasonal previews, training support |
| Silver | $50K–$200K | 30% off MRP | Net 30 | Standard catalog access, online ordering |
| Bronze | <$50K | 22% off MRP | Prepaid | Basic catalog, no exclusivity |
B2B transactions rely on credit lines rather than instant payment. The system tracks credit limits, outstanding balances, aging reports, and auto-holds orders when limits are breached.
B2B orders are large and complex. The portal supports CSV upload, quick-reorder from history, and visual assortment planning tools.
| Feature | Description | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| CSV Upload | Upload 100+ SKUs at once with quantities | Speed for large seasonal orders |
| Quick Reorder | One-click reorder from last 3 months' history | Reduces ordering time by 80% |
| Assortment Planner | Visual grid: frame styles × colors × sizes with stock availability | Optimized SKU mix per store |
| Pre-Booking | Reserve upcoming collections before launch | Guarantees allocation for hot items |
| Split Shipment | One PO, multiple delivery addresses (store network) | Centralized buying, decentralized receiving |
The system supports white-label manufacturing where distributors sell frames under their own brand. This requires separate BOMs, packaging, and catalog segregation.
Geographic exclusivity prevents channel conflict. The system maps distributor territories, tracks performance, and flags potential violations.
| Territory Type | Definition | Enforcement |
|---|---|---|
| Exclusive | Sole distributor for a city/region; no other B2B sales there | Geo-fenced order validation |
| Semi-Exclusive | Primary distributor + brand-owned stores allowed | Channel conflict alerts |
| Non-Exclusive | Multiple distributors; price competition expected | Performance-based tier upgrades |
| Online-Only | Distributor sells only via their own e-commerce | Marketplace listing monitoring |
The Multi-Location Model positions inventory across four tiers to optimize for speed, cost, and customer experience. Each tier serves a distinct purpose in the fulfillment network, from bulk storage to immediate customer access.
| Tier | Type | Purpose | Stock Profile | Typical Count |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tier 1 | Central Warehouse | Bulk receiving, B2B fulfillment, seasonal overflow | Deep stock (3-6 months), all SKUs | 1 per country/region |
| Tier 2 | Regional Hub | Fast fulfillment for online orders, returns processing | Fast-movers (1-2 months), top 40% SKUs | 3-5 per country |
| Tier 3 | Store Stock | Immediate customer access, BOPIS, same-day pickup | Display + safety stock, curated assortment | 50-200 stores |
| Tier 4 | Lab Inventory | Work-in-progress materials for lens manufacturing | Lens blanks, coatings, consumables | 1-3 per region |
When an order arrives, the OMS evaluates all locations to determine the optimal fulfillment source based on stock availability, proximity, cost, and SLA.
The Central Warehouse is the backbone of the network. It receives bulk imports, handles B2B orders, and replenishes regional hubs and stores.
| Destination | Trigger | Method | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regional Hub | Hub stock below 2-week cover | Full pallet transfers | Weekly |
| Store | Store reorder point hit | Carton/box transfers | Bi-weekly |
| Lab | MRP run based on production plan | Component kits | Daily |
Store inventory is the most customer-critical tier. It must balance display aesthetics (variety) with availability (depth) while minimizing carrying costs.
| Concept | Description | Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Display Stock | Frames on shelves for try-on (1 per style/color) | Non-sellable until customer selects; tracked separately |
| Backroom Stock | Sellable inventory in store backroom | Real-time sync with central engine; auto-replenish triggers |
| Endless Aisle | Order from warehouse for store pickup | Kiosk or associate tablet; ships from hub to store |
| Store-to-Store Transfer | Move stock between nearby stores | Same-day courier for urgent customer needs |
| Cycle Count | Daily spot checks on high-value items | Associate app with barcode scanning |
Lab inventory is unique — it tracks raw materials and work-in-progress for lens manufacturing rather than finished goods for sale.
| Category | Items | Tracking Method | Reorder Trigger |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lens Blanks | MR-8, MR-10, polycarbonate, high-index resins | Lot number, expiry date, power range | MRP run based on production schedule |
| Coating Chemicals | Hard coat, AR stack, UV monomers | Batch number, shelf life, consumption rate | Min-max levels with safety buffer |
| Consumables | Polishing pads, blocking wax, edging wheels | Par level system | Two-bin or Kanban |
| Work-in-Progress | Cut lenses awaiting coating, coated awaiting assembly | Job ID tracking through stations | Production queue monitoring |
The Inventory Hierarchy classifies stock into four levels based on its state in the value chain. Each level has distinct tracking requirements, valuation methods, and compliance implications.
Raw materials are the base inputs for manufacturing. For eyewear, this includes optical resins, metals, acetate sheets, and small hardware.
| Material | Source | Unit | Shelf Life | Valuation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optical Resin (MR-8) | Import — Japan/Korea | Sheet/bulk | 24 months | Weighted average cost |
| Titanium Sheet | Import — Japan | Sheet | Indefinite | Weighted average cost |
| Acetate Blocks | Import — Italy/China | Block | Indefinite | FIFO |
| Stainless Steel | Local — India | Sheet/bar | Indefinite | Weighted average cost |
| Silicone Nose Pads | Local — India | Pack of 1000 | 36 months | FIFO |
| Screws & Hinges | Local — India | Pack of 500 | Indefinite | FIFO |
WIP represents inventory that has entered production but is not yet a finished sellable product. Tracking WIP is critical for production planning and cost accounting.
Finished goods are sellable products ready for dispatch to customers or stores. This is the most actively managed inventory level with direct revenue impact.
| Category | Examples | Tracking | Turnover Target |
|---|---|---|---|
| Optical Frames | Ray-Ban, own-brand titanium, acetate | Serial number, color, size | 6-8x per year |
| Sunglasses | Polarized, photochromic, fashion | Serial number, UV rating | 4-6x per year (seasonal) |
| Complete Eyewear | Frame + lens assembled to Rx | Job ID, Rx reference | Made-to-order (no stock) |
| Contact Lenses | Daily, monthly, toric, multifocal | Lot number, expiry, power | 12x per year |
| Accessories | Cases, cloths, chains, solutions | SKU-level | 8-10x per year |
Level 4 inventory is not physically in the company's warehouses but is still tracked for visibility and commitment management.
Lens Cutting & Surfacing transforms a flat optical blank into a precision-curved prescription lens. This is the most technically demanding step in eyewear manufacturing, requiring sub-micron accuracy to ensure optical clarity and comfort.
The right blank ensures manufacturability, optical quality, and minimal edge thickness. Selection depends on prescription power, material, and desired coatings.
| Parameter | Low Power (-2.00 to +2.00) | Medium Power (-4.00 to -2.00) | High Power (<-4.00 or >+3.00) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Material | CR-39 or MR-8 | MR-8 or Polycarbonate | MR-10 or 1.74 High-Index |
| Blank Diameter | 65mm | 70mm | 75-80mm |
| Base Curve | 4.00D (standard) | 4.00-6.00D | 6.00-8.00D (steep) |
| Center Thickness | 1.5-2.0mm | 2.0-3.0mm | 3.0-5.0mm (minimize edge) |
| Edge Thickness | 2-3mm | 3-5mm | 5-8mm (cosmetic concern) |
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) surfacing machines cut the prescription curve into the lens blank with diamond-tipped tools. Accuracy is within ±0.01 diopter.
After surfacing, the lens must be edged to fit the specific frame shape. For rimless frames, holes are drilled for mounting.
| Frame Type | Edging Method | Key Parameters | Quality Check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Rim | Bevel edging (groove for frame rim) | Bevel angle, groove depth, edge polish | Fit test in frame, no gaps |
| Semi-Rimless (Nylon Cord) | Groove edging + nylon groove | Groove position, cord tension | Secure hold, no lens pop-out |
| Rimless (Drilled) | Flat polish + precision drilling | Hole diameter, hole position, countersink | No cracks, screw torque correct |
| High-Wrap (Sports) | Wrapped edging with base curve match | Wrap angle, pantoscopic tilt | Optical center alignment |
Lens Coating applies multiple thin-film layers to the lens surface, each serving a specific optical or protective function. A premium lens may have 10-15 distinct layers applied in a vacuum deposition chamber.
| Layer | Material | Thickness | Function | Test Standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard Coat | Silica-based organosilane | 3-5 μm | Scratch resistance, adhesion promoter | ISO 8980-4 (steel wool test) |
| AR Stack (MgF₂/SiO₂/TiO₂) | Metal oxides via vacuum deposition | 100-200 nm per layer | Reduce surface reflection from 8% to <1% | ISO 8980-4 (reflectance <1.5%) |
| UV Blocker | Organic UV absorbers | Integrated in substrate or coating | Block 100% UVA (315-400nm) & UVB (280-315nm) | ISO 8980-3 (UV transmittance) |
| Blue Light Filter | Selective absorption dye | Integrated in substrate | Block 20-40% of 400-450nm (HEV) | ISO 12312-1 (blue light hazard) |
| Hydrophobic Topcoat | Fluoropolymer | 10-20 nm | Water beads up, easy cleaning | Contact angle >110° |
| Oleophobic Topcoat | Fluorinated silane | 5-10 nm | Fingerprint resistance | Oil repellency test |
The coating chamber operates under high vacuum (10⁻⁵ mbar) where metal oxides are vaporized and deposited onto the lens surface in precise nanometer layers.
| Technology | Mechanism | Activation | Performance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photochromic (Transitions®) | Silver halide molecules darken in UV | UV exposure (outdoor) | Clear indoors → 85% dark outdoors in 30s; fade in 3-5 min |
| Blue Light Filter | Selective absorption of 400-450nm | Always active | Blocks 20-40% HEV; minimal color distortion |
| Polarized | Vertical alignment filter blocks horizontal glare | Always active | 99% glare reduction; ideal for driving/water |
| Mirror Coating | Thin metallic reflective layer | Always active | Reduces light transmission 10-60%; fashion + function |
Frame Assembly brings together all mechanical components of the eyewear frame — front, temples, hinges, nose pads, and screws — into a functional, adjustable unit ready for lens fitting.
| Component | Materials | Key Specs | Quality Check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Frame | Acetate, titanium, stainless steel, TR-90 | Rim width, bridge width, lens height | Dimensional accuracy ±0.5mm |
| Temple Arms | Same as front + beta-titanium for flexibility | Length (135-150mm), drop angle, tip width | Spring hinge tension test |
| Hinges | Stainless steel, monel, titanium | Barrel count (3-7), screw size (1.2-1.4mm) | 10,000 open/close cycles |
| Nose Pads | Silicone, PVC, titanium pad arms | Size (S/M/L), shape (symmetrical/ergo) | Skin contact biocompatibility |
| Screws | Stainless steel, titanium | Thread pitch, head type, length | Torque test, no stripping |
| Logo Plates | Metal alloy, enamel fill | Position, adhesion, legibility | Scratch resistance, alignment |
Proper alignment ensures optical centers align with the patient's pupils and the frame sits comfortably without pressure points.
| Tool | Purpose | Precision |
|---|---|---|
| Drilling Jig | Positions hinge holes on front frame | ±0.1mm hole position |
| Tapping Machine | Creates screw threads in barrel hinges | M1.2 × 0.25 pitch |
| Spring Hinge Press | Installs spring hinge assemblies | Controlled force, no deformation |
| Nose Pad Pliers | Adjusts pad angle and position | 0.5° angle control |
| Temple Bender | Adjusts temple curve for ear fit | 5° increment steps |
| Torque Screwdriver | Tightens screws to exact torque | 0.5-2.0 Nm range |
QC & Testing ensures every pair of eyewear meets optical, mechanical, and cosmetic standards before reaching the customer. Defects caught in manufacturing cost $5 to fix; defects caught by the customer cost $50+ in returns and reputation damage.
| Test | Equipment | Standard | Acceptance Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Power Verification | Focimeter (lensometer) | ISO 8980-1 | SPH ±0.09D, CYL ±0.09D, AXIS ±2° |
| Prismatic Power | Focimeter | ISO 8980-1 | ≤ 0.25Δ for single vision; ≤ 0.50Δ for progressives |
| Transmittance | Spectrophotometer | ISO 8980-3 | Clear: ≥ 85%; Sunglasses: category-specific |
| UV Protection | UV spectrometer | ISO 8980-3 | ≤ 1% transmittance below 380nm |
| AR Coating Quality | Reflectometer | ISO 8980-4 | Reflectance < 1.5% at 550nm |
| Surface Defects | Visual inspection + magnifier | Internal | No scratches, bubbles, or inclusions in visual zone |
| Test | Method | Standard | Pass Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hinge Endurance | Automated open/close cycle machine | ISO 12870 | 10,000 cycles; no fracture, no loosening |
| Frame Drop Test | Drop from 1.27m onto steel surface | ISO 12870 | No fracture; hinge function intact |
| Lens Impact Resistance | 16g steel ball from 1.27m | ISO 14889 / FDA 21 CFR 801.410 | No fracture or detachment from frame |
| High-Temperature Stability | 55°C for 2 hours | ISO 12870 | No deformation, coating intact |
| Corrosion Resistance | 24h salt spray (5% NaCl) | ISO 12870 | No visible corrosion on metal parts |
| Nose Pad Adhesion | 10N pull force | Internal | No detachment or tearing |
Every unit receives a unique serial number linking it to the complete manufacturing history — materials, operators, machines, test results, and timestamps.
Job Tracking follows every work order from receipt through production to dispatch. Real-time visibility into job status enables proactive customer communication, capacity planning, and bottleneck identification.
| Order Type | Stations | Standard TAT | Express TAT | Rush TAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Vision — Stock Lens | Edging → Assembly → QC → Pack | 4 hours | 2 hours | 1 hour |
| Single Vision — Custom Surfaced | Surfacing → Coating → Edging → Assembly → QC | 24 hours | 12 hours | 6 hours |
| Progressive — Standard | Surfacing → Coating → Edging → Assembly → QC | 48 hours | 24 hours | 12 hours |
| Progressive — Premium (Freeform) | Digital surfacing → Multi-coat → Edging → Assembly → QC | 72 hours | 48 hours | 24 hours |
| Rimless / Drilled | Surfacing → Coating → Drilling → Assembly → QC | 48 hours | 24 hours | 12 hours |
| High-Power (>±6.00D) | Surfacing → Coating → Edging → Centering → Assembly → QC | 72 hours | 48 hours | N/A (quality priority) |
The production floor operates on a digital job board showing every active order, its current station, operator, elapsed time, and predicted completion.
| Exception Type | Trigger | Auto-Action | Escalation |
|---|---|---|---|
| TAT Breach Risk | Current station elapsed > 80% of target | Alert supervisor; suggest resource reallocation | Floor manager if >100% |
| Material Shortage | Blank or coating chemical below min level | Auto-PO to procurement; flag jobs affected | Production planner immediately |
| Machine Down | CNC or coating chamber error code | Auto-reroute jobs to backup machine; alert maintenance | Plant manager + customer service |
| QC Failure | Optical or mechanical test fail | Quarantine unit; trigger rework or remake | Quality manager for pattern analysis |
| Rx Ambiguity | Prescription values outside normal range | Hold job; request doctor clarification | Clinical team + customer notification |
Sourcing Strategy determines where and how raw materials and components are procured. For eyewear, this involves balancing cost, quality, lead time, and geopolitical risk across a global supplier base.
| Material Category | Primary Source | Secondary Source | Strategy | Risk Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optical Resins (MR-8, MR-10) | Japan (Mitsui Chemicals) | Korea (KOC) | Dual-source with 70/30 split | 6-month safety stock; annual contract |
| Titanium Sheet | Japan (Kobe Steel) | China (Baoji) | Premium from Japan; volume from China | Pre-negotiated surge capacity |
| Acetate Blocks | Italy (Mazzucchelli) | China (Jinyi) | Fashion from Italy; basic from China | Seasonal pre-booking for colors |
| Stainless Steel | India (Jindal) | China (Tsingshan) | Local-first for speed | VMI arrangement with local mill |
| Hinges & Small Hardware | China (Wenzhou) | India (Mumbai) | China for cost; India for speed | 2-week rolling forecast shared |
| Packaging | India (Delhi/Ahmedabad) | Local print shops | Local for JIT; custom for premium | 3-supplier panel per category |
The make-vs-buy and import-vs-local decisions are driven by total landed cost, quality requirements, and strategic importance.
| Tier | Relationship | Engagement | Performance Review |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strategic Partner | Joint development, shared forecasts, co-investment | Monthly business reviews, quarterly roadmap | Scorecard: quality 40%, delivery 30%, cost 20%, innovation 10% |
| Preferred Supplier | Multi-year contract, volume commitment | Bi-monthly reviews, annual negotiation | Scorecard: quality 35%, delivery 35%, cost 25%, service 5% |
| Approved Supplier | Transactional, PO-based | Quarterly review, issue-driven contact | Pass/fail on delivery and quality thresholds |
| Provisional | Trial period, limited volume | Monthly during trial, then upgrade or exit | 100% inspection, detailed capability audit |
Import Logistics manages the movement of goods from overseas suppliers to domestic warehouses. Mode selection balances speed, cost, and cargo characteristics.
| Mode | Cost per kg | Transit Time | Best For | Example Cargo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea FCL (Full Container) | $0.50-1.50 | 25-40 days | Bulk, non-urgent, cost-sensitive | 20ft container of acetate blocks |
| Sea LCL (Less than Container) | $1.50-3.00 | 30-50 days | Medium volume, no full container | 5 CBM of titanium sheets |
| Air Freight | $4.00-8.00 | 3-7 days | Urgent, high-value, perishable | Lens resin for production rush |
| Air Courier (DHL/FedEx) | $8.00-15.00 | 2-5 days | Documents, samples, small parcels | Prototype frames, lab samples |
| Sea-Air Combo | $2.50-4.50 | 15-20 days | Balance of speed and cost | Mid-season replenishment |
Proper classification ensures correct duty rates, avoids delays, and maintains compliance. Eyewear spans multiple HS chapters depending on material and state.
| Product | HS Code | Description | Typical Duty Rate (India) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic Frames | 9003.11 | Frames & mountings of plastics | 15% + 10% SWS |
| Metal Frames | 9003.19 | Frames & mountings of other materials | 15% + 10% SWS |
| Corrective Lenses (Glass) | 9001.40 | Spectacle lenses of glass | 10% + 10% SWS |
| Corrective Lenses (Plastic) | 9001.50 | Spectacle lenses of other materials | 10% + 10% SWS |
| Optical Resin Blanks | 9001.30 | Contact lens & spectacle lens blanks | 10% + 10% SWS |
| Sunglasses | 9004.10 | Sunglasses | 20% + 10% SWS |
Bonded warehouses allow duty deferral — customs duty is paid only when goods leave the warehouse for domestic consumption, improving cash flow and enabling re-export without duty payment.
Local Procurement sources components and services from domestic vendors. The focus is on speed, flexibility, and reducing import dependency for non-critical items.
| Category | Local Suppliers | Lead Time | MOQ | Quality Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stainless Steel | Jindal, SAIL, local mills | 3-7 days | 500 kg | 304/316 grade certified |
| Packaging (Cases) | Delhi NCR, Ahmedabad | 7-14 days | 1,000 units | Custom design, BIS compliant |
| Microfiber Cloths | Tirupur, Surat | 5-10 days | 5,000 units | 200 GSM, edge-sealed |
| Printing & Labels | Local print shops | 2-5 days | 500 units | UV-resistant ink |
| Logistics Services | Blue Dart, Delhivery, local couriers | Same day - 3 days | N/A | SLA-based, insured |
| Maintenance Parts | Local distributors | 1-3 days | As needed | OEM or equivalent |
VMI shifts inventory ownership and replenishment responsibility to the supplier. The supplier monitors stock levels and replenishes automatically, reducing the buyer's working capital and administrative burden.
| VMI Element | Buyer Responsibility | Supplier Responsibility |
|---|---|---|
| Stock Monitoring | Provide real-time consumption data | Analyze trends, predict demand |
| Reorder Decision | Set min/max levels, review quarterly | Trigger replenishment, manage lead time |
| Inventory Ownership | Owns stock upon receipt | Owns stock in transit |
| Payment | Pay on consumption (monthly) | Invoice based on consumption report |
| Quality | Inspect on receipt, reject defects | 100% pre-ship inspection |
JIT minimizes inventory by receiving goods only as needed. Milk runs consolidate pickups from multiple local suppliers into a single delivery route, reducing transportation costs.
| Audit Type | Frequency | Scope | Pass Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Qualification | Before onboarding | Facility, process, quality system, financial health | Score ≥ 80%; no critical findings |
| Annual Requalification | Yearly | Full system review, CAPA verification | Score ≥ 75%; all CAPAs closed |
| Process Audit | Bi-annually | Specific process (e.g., coating, printing) | CPK ≥ 1.33 for critical dimensions |
| Surveillance Visit | Quarterly | Spot check, random sampling | No major non-conformances |
| Issue-Driven Audit | As needed | Root cause of quality/delivery failure | Corrective action verified |
Distribution Logistics covers the final leg of delivery — from warehouse to customer doorstep or retail store. For eyewear, this includes B2C e-commerce parcels, B2B bulk shipments, and inter-warehouse transfers.
| Carrier | Strength | Coverage | Cost Profile | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Dart | Reliability, premium service | 35,000+ pincodes | High | Premium eyewear, express delivery |
| Delhivery | Scale, cost-efficiency | 18,000+ pincodes | Medium | Standard e-commerce, bulk |
| Shiprocket | Multi-carrier aggregation | All major carriers | Optimized | Rate shopping, SMB orders |
| DHL/FedEx | International express | Global | Premium | Cross-border B2C/B2B |
| Dunzo/Swiggy | Hyperlocal same-day | Metro cities | Per-km | Same-day delivery, store transfers |
| Own Fleet | Control, branding | City limits | Fixed cost | B2B distributor drops, BOPIS |
Same-day delivery is a competitive differentiator for urban customers. The system defines delivery zones based on warehouse/store proximity, carrier capability, and order cut-off times.
Eyewear has a 5-12% return rate depending on channel. Reverse logistics must handle returns efficiently while minimizing fraud and maximizing resale value.
| Reason | % of Returns | Disposition |
|---|---|---|
| Wrong fit / uncomfortable | 35% | Resellable — restock |
| Not as described | 20% | Resellable — restock |
| Defective / damaged | 15% | QC → repair or scrap |
| Changed mind | 18% | Resellable — restock |
| Rx error | 8% | Remake — lens only |
| Fraud / abuse | 4% | Blacklist customer |
B2B shipments to distributors and retail chains require palletization, freight booking, and delivery scheduling rather than parcel delivery.
| Element | Specification | System Integration |
|---|---|---|
| Pallet Standard | 1200×1000mm Euro pallet, max 500kg | WMS auto-palletization logic |
| Carton Labeling | SSCC barcode, batch number, SKU list | Label generation at pack station |
| Freight Booking | LTL (1-5 pallets) or FTL (6+ pallets) | Integration with freight marketplace |
| Delivery Appointment | Scheduled dock appointment with distributor | Calendar sync + SMS confirmation |
| Proof of Delivery | Digitally signed BOL with photo | Driver app capture, auto-archive |
| Damage Claim | Photograph + claim within 48 hours | Auto-trigger insurance workflow |
Rx Capture & Validation ensures that every prescription entered into the system is accurate, valid, and legally compliant before it drives lens manufacturing. A single digit error in sphere or cylinder can render lenses unusable and costly to remake.
| Rule | Logic | Action on Fail |
|---|---|---|
| Range Check — SPH | -20.00 ≤ SPH ≤ +20.00, step 0.25 | Flag for manual review; block order |
| Range Check — CYL | -6.00 ≤ CYL ≤ +6.00, step 0.25 | Flag for manual review; block order |
| Range Check — AXIS | 1 ≤ AXIS ≤ 180, integer only | Auto-correct if obvious (e.g., 181→1); else flag |
| CYL-Axis Dependency | If CYL = 0, AXIS must be null or 0 | Auto-clear AXIS; notify customer |
| Anisometropia Check | |SPH_R - SPH_L| ≤ 3.00D (comfort warning if >2.50D) | Warning: may cause adaptation issues |
| Add Power Logic | If lensType = PROGRESSIVE, ADD required and ≥ +0.75 | Block order; request complete Rx |
| Rx Expiry | Current date ≤ Rx date + validity period | Block order; prompt for new exam |
| Doctor License | License number matches active registry entry | Block order; request valid Rx |
| PD Range | 50mm ≤ PD ≤ 80mm (adult); 40mm ≤ PD ≤ 60mm (child) | Flag for manual measurement verification |
When customers upload a photo of their prescription, the system uses OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to extract structured data with confidence scoring.
The Doctor Portal is the clinical workspace for eye care professionals. It handles everything from patient scheduling to digital prescription writing, with full integration into the eyewear ordering flow.
| Step | Action | System Check | Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Registration | Doctor submits profile, credentials, clinic details | Duplicate check, email verification | Instant |
| 2. License Upload | Upload registration certificate, degree | OCR extraction of license number | 5 minutes |
| 3. Registry Verification | System queries state optometry council API | License active? Valid until? Disciplinary actions? | Real-time |
| 4. Background Check | Manual review for high-risk flags | Sanctions list, malpractice history | 24-48 hours |
| 5. Training | Platform walkthrough, Rx digital signing tutorial | Completion tracking | 1 hour |
| 6. Activation | Account enabled, commission tier assigned | Full audit trail of activation | Instant post-approval |
The digital prescription pad pre-fills patient data, suggests lens types based on age/Rx, and enforces validation rules to prevent errors.
Lens Fitting captures the precise geometric relationship between the patient's eyes and the selected frame. These measurements ensure the optical center of each lens aligns with the patient's pupil, maximizing visual comfort and acuity.
PD is the distance between the centers of the pupils. For precision optics, monocular PD (per eye) is preferred over binocular PD because most people's nose is not perfectly centered.
| Measurement | Method | Accuracy | Best Practice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Binocular PD | PD ruler or digital pupillometer | ±1mm | Quick check; acceptable for low powers |
| Monocular PD | Digital pupillometer or corneal reflection | ±0.5mm | Required for high powers (>±3.00D) and progressives |
| Near PD | Binocular PD minus 2-3mm (convergence) | ±1mm | Used for reading glasses and computer lenses |
| Digital PD (App) | Smartphone camera + credit card reference | ±2mm | Acceptable for online orders; flag if >65mm or <50mm |
For progressive and bifocal lenses, the fitting height determines where the reading segment sits relative to the pupil. Incorrect fitting height causes neck strain and blurred near vision.
| Lens Type | Fitting Height Reference | Measurement Method | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single Vision | Optical center at pupil center | Mark pupil position on demo lens | ±1mm |
| Bifocal (Flat-Top) | Top of segment 2mm below pupil center | Mark pupil; measure down to segment top | ±1mm |
| Progressive (Standard) | Fitting cross at pupil center | Digital centration device or manual marking | ±0.5mm |
| Progressive (Short Corridor) | Fitting cross at pupil center | Critical — reduced reading zone | ±0.5mm |
| Computer / Office Lens | Intermediate zone at screen height | Measure at patient's working distance | ±1mm |
The angle between the lens plane and the vertical when the frame is worn. Standard is 8-12°.
Distance from the back surface of the lens to the cornea. Standard is 12-14mm.
The 360° Customer View aggregates every interaction, transaction, and preference across all channels into a single golden record. This enables personalized service, predictive engagement, and lifetime value optimization.
| Segment | Criteria | Size | Revenue Share | Engagement Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platinum | LTV >$5K, 5+ orders/year, brand advocate | 3% | 22% | Personal stylist, early access, exclusive events |
| Gold | LTV $2K-$5K, 3+ orders/year, high engagement | 12% | 35% | VIP discounts, priority support, birthday rewards |
| Silver | LTV $500-$2K, 1-2 orders/year, moderate engagement | 35% | 32% | Targeted offers, Rx reminder campaigns, upsell |
| Bronze | LTV <$500, 1 order, low engagement | 40% | 9% | Win-back offers, referral incentives, education |
| At-Risk | No purchase in 18+ months, churn risk >60% | 10% | 2% | Deep discount + personalized outreach, survey |
The Communication Engine delivers the right message through the right channel at the right time. It unifies email, SMS, WhatsApp, and push notifications into a single campaign and journey management platform.
| Channel | Best Use Case | Open Rate | Cost per Message | Rich Media |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order confirmations, newsletters, detailed offers | 22-28% | ₹0.05-0.20 | HTML, images, links | |
| SMS | OTP, delivery alerts, appointment reminders | 95-98% | ₹0.15-0.30 | Text + short link |
| Support, catalog sharing, personalized offers | 70-85% | ₹0.40-0.80 | Images, catalogs, buttons | |
| Push Notification | Flash sales, cart abandonment, app engagement | 15-25% | Free (Firebase) | Rich cards, deep links |
| Voice/IVR | Appointment confirmations, payment reminders | 60-70% answer rate | ₹1.50-3.00 | Audio only |
| Trigger | Channel | Timing | Message |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order Placed | Email + WhatsApp | Immediate | "Thanks for your order! Your [Frame] with [Lens] is confirmed. Track: [link]" |
| Lab Started | SMS | When job status = IN_PROGRESS | "Your lenses are being crafted! Estimated completion: [date]" |
| Shipped | Email + SMS + WhatsApp | On dispatch | "Your order is on the way! Track: [link]. Expected: [date]" |
| Out for Delivery | SMS + Push | Morning of delivery | "Your eyewear is out for delivery today. Be ready!" |
| Delivered | WhatsApp + Email | 1 hour post-delivery | "How do your new glasses fit? Reply for adjustments or leave a review: [link]" |
| Rx Expiring (30d) | Email + WhatsApp | 30 days before expiry | "Your prescription expires on [date]. Book a free eye exam: [link]" |
| Cart Abandoned | Email → Push → SMS | 1h, 24h, 72h | "You left something behind! Complete your order and get 10% off: [code]" |
| Birthday | Email + WhatsApp | Day of birthday | "Happy Birthday! Here's ₹500 off your next pair. Valid for 7 days: [code]" |
The platform serves four distinct user types through tailored portals, each with role-appropriate data access, workflows, and integrations.
| Portal | Users | Key Features | Integrations |
|---|---|---|---|
| B2C Customer Portal | End consumers | Order history, Rx management, reorder, returns, loyalty dashboard, appointment booking | OMS, EHR, Inventory, Loyalty |
| B2B Distributor Portal | Wholesale buyers | Catalog with tiered pricing, bulk ordering, credit status, invoice history, performance reports | OMS, ERP, Inventory, Credit Engine |
| Doctor Portal | Optometrists, ophthalmologists | Patient scheduling, digital Rx pad, commission tracking, patient communication | EHR, OMS, Clinical |
| Store Associate Portal | Retail staff | Clienteling, inventory lookup, order creation, appointment management, sales targets | POS, Inventory, CRM, Clinical |
| Feature | Description | Business Value |
|---|---|---|
| Tiered Catalog | Prices auto-adjusted to distributor's negotiated tier | No manual quoting; prevents pricing errors |
| Credit Dashboard | Real-time credit limit, outstanding balance, aging report | Transparency reduces payment disputes |
| Bulk Order Upload | CSV upload for large seasonal orders | 80% faster than line-by-line ordering |
| Assortment Planner | Visual grid with sell-through data to optimize SKU mix | Data-driven buying reduces dead stock |
| Performance Reports | Sell-through, margin, inventory turns by SKU | Distributor self-service insights |
| Marketing Collateral | Downloadable POS materials, images, specs | Brand consistency across channels |
The Loyalty & Rewards program drives repeat purchases through a points-based system with escalating benefits across four tiers. Members earn on every purchase and engagement action.
| Tier | Entry Requirement | Earn Rate | Key Benefits | Retention Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronze | Sign up | 1 pt per ₹10 | Newsletter, birthday reward | 25% |
| Silver | ₹5,000 spent or 2 orders | 1.5 pt per ₹10 | + Free shipping, early sale access | 40% |
| Gold | ₹15,000 spent or 5 orders | 2 pt per ₹10 | + 10% off, priority support, free case | 60% |
| Platinum | ₹40,000 spent or 10 orders | 3 pt per ₹10 | + Personal stylist, free lens upgrades, exclusive events | 80% |
| Reward | Points Required | Value | Restrictions |
|---|---|---|---|
| ₹100 Off Coupon | 500 points | ₹100 | Min order ₹1,000; 1 per order |
| Free Shipping | 200 points | ₹49 | Standard delivery only |
| Free Premium Case | 300 points | ₹350 | In-stock designs only |
| AR Coating Upgrade | 800 points | ₹800 | With lens purchase only |
| Blue Light Filter Upgrade | 600 points | ₹600 | With lens purchase only |
| Free Eye Exam | 1,000 points | ₹500 | At partner clinics only |
| ₹500 Birthday Voucher | Auto-issued | ₹500 | Valid 30 days; no min order |
The referral engine turns customers into acquisition channels. Both referrer and referee receive rewards, creating a viral loop.
| Referral Metric | Target | Current Performance |
|---|---|---|
| Referral Share Rate | 15% of active customers/month | 12% |
| Friend Conversion Rate | 25% of referred friends purchase | 22% |
| Average Referral Value | Referred customer LTV 1.3x organic | 1.25x |
| Cost per Acquisition | ₹500 (voucher cost) | ₹500 |
| Program ROI | 4:1 (LTV / reward cost) | 3.5:1 |
Healthcare Compliance governs how patient data is collected, stored, shared, and retained. For eyewear brands with clinical operations, this spans HIPAA in the US, PHIPA in Canada, NHS standards in the UK, and local healthcare laws in every operating market.
| Regulation | Jurisdiction | Scope | Key Requirements | Penalty for Breach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIPAA | United States | PHI — all identifiable health data | Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification, Business Associate Agreements | $100-$50,000 per violation; up to $1.5M/year; criminal liability |
| PHIPA | Ontario, Canada | Personal health information | Consent for collection, use, disclosure; access rights; accountability | Up to CAD $500,000 (individuals); CAD $1M (organizations) |
| NHS GOS | United Kingdom | NHS-funded eye care services | Accredited practitioner, approved equipment, claim validation, fraud prevention | De-registration from GOS; recovery of fraudulent claims |
| MoHFW India | India | Clinical establishments | Registration under CEA; patient rights charter; standard treatment protocols | License suspension; fines up to ₹5 lakhs |
| TGA | Australia | Medical devices (including contact lenses) | ARTG listing; Good Manufacturing Practice; adverse event reporting | Product recall; criminal prosecution |
HIPAA's Security Rule mandates specific technical controls for electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI). These are non-negotiable for any system handling US patient data.
Every clinical action — from viewing a patient record to modifying a prescription — must be logged with who, what, when, and where for regulatory compliance and malpractice protection.
Under HIPAA, any vendor that handles PHI on behalf of the covered entity must sign a BAA. This includes cloud providers, email services, analytics platforms, and payment processors.
| Vendor Type | Example | BAA Required? | Key BAA Terms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud Infrastructure | AWS, Azure, GCP | Yes | Data encryption, access logging, breach notification within 24h |
| Email Service | SendGrid, AWS SES | Yes | HIPAA-compliant sending, no data mining, secure transmission |
| Analytics | Google Analytics (without IP), Mixpanel | Maybe | No PHI in events; aggregate only; data deletion on contract end |
| Payment Processor | Stripe, Razorpay | No (if only transaction data) | PCI-DSS compliance; no PHI access |
| Shipping | Blue Dart, Delhivery | No | Standard SLA; no PHI (name/address only) |
Financial Compliance ensures accurate tax calculation, proper invoicing, and adherence to accounting standards across all jurisdictions where the brand operates.
| Country | Tax System | E-Invoicing | Reporting Standard | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | GST (CGST + SGST/IGST) | Mandatory for B2B (IRN via GSTN) | IND AS | GSTR-1 (outward), GSTR-3B (summary), e-way bills for inter-state transfers |
| UAE | VAT 5% | Voluntary (phase-in planned) | IFRS | FTA registration, quarterly filing, Arabic invoice requirement |
| UK | VAT 20% | Making Tax Digital (MTD) | UK GAAP / IFRS | Digital VAT returns, real-time reporting for >£85K turnover |
| US | Sales tax (state-dependent) | No federal mandate | US GAAP | Nexus determination, marketplace facilitator laws, 1099-K for >$600 |
| Singapore | GST 9% | InvoiceNow (PEPPOL) | SFRS / IFRS | Quarterly filing, GST registration at S$1M turnover |
India mandates e-invoicing for B2B transactions above ₹5 crore turnover (threshold reducing over time). Every invoice must be registered with the Invoice Registration Portal (IRP) to receive a unique Invoice Reference Number (IRN).
| Standard | Application | Key Impact on Eyewear Business |
|---|---|---|
| IND AS 115 / IFRS 15 | Revenue Recognition | Recognize frame revenue at delivery; lens revenue at fitting completion; subscription revenue over time |
| IND AS 2 / IAS 2 | Inventories | Valuation at lower of cost or NRV; WIP valuation includes labor + overhead allocation |
| IND AS 16 / IAS 16 | PPE (Plant, Property, Equipment) | CNC machines, coating chambers capitalized and depreciated over useful life (10-15 years) |
| IND AS 37 / IAS 37 | Provisions | Warranty provision (1-2% of sales), return provision based on historical rate |
| IND AS 109 / IFRS 9 | Financial Instruments | Credit loss provisioning for B2B receivables; expected credit loss model |
If the company is US-listed or preparing for IPO, Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) compliance requires documented internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR).
| Control Area | Control Activity | Frequency | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue Recognition | Automated three-way match (order, shipment, payment) | Per transaction | System log + audit trail |
| Access Controls | Segregation of duties: sales cannot approve refunds | Continuous | RBAC configuration + quarterly review |
| Inventory Valuation | Monthly reconciliation of system stock vs. GL | Monthly | Reconciliation report + sign-off |
| Disbursements | Dual approval for payments >$10,000 | Per payment | Approval workflow log |
| Period-End Close | Cut-off procedures for revenue and expenses | Monthly | Close checklist + management review |
Product Safety ensures that every frame and lens meets international standards for optical performance, mechanical durability, and biological safety. Non-compliance can result in market bans, recalls, and liability claims.
| Standard | Scope | Key Tests | Marking Required | Markets |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 12870 | Ophthalmic frames — fundamental requirements | Endurance, hinge fatigue, bridge deformation, corrosion, flammability | CE (EU), manufacturer, material | Global baseline |
| ISO 14889 | Uncut finished spectacle lenses | Impact resistance, refractive power tolerance, transmittance, abrasion | Impact resistance marking, optical class | Global baseline |
| ISO 8980-1 to -4 | Finished spectacle lenses (uncut) | Power tolerance, transmittance, surface quality, coating adhesion | Power range, material, coating type | Global baseline |
| EN 166 | Personal eye protection | Field of view, optical quality, robustness, resistance to UV, infrared | CE + standard number + protection level | EU (PPE regulation) |
| 21 CFR 801.410 | Impact-resistant lenses (US FDA) | Drop ball test (5/8" steel ball from 50") | "Impact Resistant" or supplier identification | United States |
| BIS IS 14246 | Spectacle lenses (India) | Refractive power, impact resistance, transmittance | ISI mark (mandatory for local sale) | India |
| AS/NZS 1067 | Sunglasses and fashion spectacles | UV transmittance, luminous transmittance, traffic signal recognition | Category number (0-4) | Australia, NZ |
Beyond mechanical tests, eyewear materials must be safe for prolonged skin contact and not release harmful substances.
Despite rigorous QC, recalls may be necessary. A structured recall process minimizes harm and regulatory exposure.
Descriptive Analytics answers "What happened?" through dashboards and reports that visualize historical and real-time data. This is the foundation layer — every other analytics type builds on accurate descriptive data.
| KPI | Definition | Target | Frequency | Drill-Down |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | Gross sales minus returns | Monthly growth 8% | Real-time | Channel, region, SKU, customer segment |
| Average Order Value (AOV) | Revenue / Number of orders | ₹3,500 | Daily | Channel, lens type, frame material |
| Conversion Rate | Orders / Sessions | 2.5% | Hourly | Traffic source, device, campaign |
| Units per Transaction (UPT) | Items sold / Orders | 1.3 | Daily | Store, associate, time of day |
| Return Rate | Return value / Gross sales | <8% | Daily | Reason, SKU, channel, fit issue |
| Revenue per Store | Store revenue / Number of stores | ₹15L/month | Weekly | Store, associate, day-of-week |
| KPI | Definition | Target | Frequency | Drill-Down |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stock Availability | SKUs in stock / Total active SKUs | >95% | Real-time | Location, category, supplier |
| Inventory Turnover | COGS / Average inventory value | 6x/year | Monthly | Category, SKU, location |
| Days of Inventory | Average inventory / Avg daily COGS | <60 days | Weekly | Category, supplier, season |
| Stockout Rate | Stockout SKUs / Total SKUs | <2% | Daily | Channel, category, fast-mover flag |
| Shrinkage Rate | (Book stock - Physical stock) / Book stock | <0.5% | Monthly | Location, category, count method |
| Dead Stock % | Stock with no movement in 180 days / Total stock | <5% | Weekly | Category, season, price band |
| KPI | Definition | Target | Frequency | Drill-Down |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) | Marketing spend / New customers | <₹800 | Weekly | Channel, campaign, geography |
| Customer Lifetime Value (LTV) | Predicted total revenue per customer | >₹8,000 | Monthly | Segment, channel, first purchase |
| LTV:CAC Ratio | LTV / CAC | >3:1 | Monthly | Campaign, channel, cohort |
| Net Promoter Score (NPS) | % Promoters - % Detractors | >50 | Quarterly | Store, channel, product, service touchpoint |
| Repeat Purchase Rate | Customers with 2+ orders / Total customers | >35% | Monthly | Segment, time since first purchase |
| Churn Rate | Customers inactive 18+ months / Total | <15%/year | Monthly | Segment, channel, last purchase category |
| KPI | Definition | Target | Frequency | Drill-Down |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lab Turnaround Time (TAT) | Order received to dispatch | <48 hours (standard) | Hourly | Job type, complexity, station |
| Order Fulfillment Rate | Orders shipped on first promise / Total | >95% | Daily | Channel, location, SKU |
| Perfect Order Rate | On-time + accurate + undamaged / Total | >92% | Daily | Carrier, warehouse, SKU fragility |
| Return Processing Time | Return received to refund issued | <72 hours | Daily | Reason, channel, payment method |
| Store Utilization | Revenue-generating hours / Total hours | >75% | Weekly | Store, day-of-week, time slot |
| Doctor Utilization | Exam slots booked / Total available | >80% | Daily | Clinic, doctor, day-of-week |
Diagnostic Analytics answers "Why did it happen?" by drilling into descriptive data to find correlations, patterns, and root causes. This layer transforms dashboards into actionable intelligence.
| Hypothesis | Data to Check | Analysis Method | Typical Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demand spike | Sales velocity vs. forecast, marketing campaigns, seasonality | Time-series comparison, event correlation | Social media influencer post drove 3x normal demand |
| Forecast error | Forecast vs. actual by SKU, forecast accuracy trend | MAPE calculation, bias analysis | System under-forecasted by 40% for new frame launch |
| Supplier delay | PO delivery dates vs. promised, supplier OTIF | Supplier scorecard, lead time variance | Supplier shipment delayed 2 weeks due to port congestion |
| Reorder point too low | ROP vs. actual demand during lead time, safety stock adequacy | ROP sensitivity analysis, service level simulation | Safety stock calculated with 2-week lead time; actual is 4 weeks |
| Inventory record error | Book stock vs. physical count, adjustment history | Variance analysis, shrinkage trend | System showed 50 units; physical count = 12; theft suspected |
| Channel conflict | Sales by channel, inventory allocation rules | Channel-wise stock depletion rate | Amazon oversold due to sync lag; safety stock consumed |
Cohort analysis groups customers by their first purchase month and tracks their behavior over time. It reveals true retention patterns obscured by aggregate metrics.
| Funnel Stage | Users | Drop-off | Drop-off Rate | Top Reasons (Survey + Analytics) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product View | 100,000 | — | — | — |
| Add to Cart | 12,000 | 88,000 | 88% | Browsing, price shock, no AR try-on |
| Enter Prescription | 6,500 | 5,500 | 46% | No Rx handy, prescription upload friction, manual entry tedious |
| Configure Lens | 5,200 | 1,300 | 20% | Confusing options, unexpected price increase, no guidance |
| Enter Shipping | 4,100 | 1,100 | 21% | No guest checkout, address validation errors |
| Payment | 3,200 | 900 | 22% | Payment failure, no preferred method, security concerns |
| Order Confirmed | 2,500 | 700 | 22% | — |
| Overall Conversion | 2,500 | 97,500 | 97.5% | 2.5% conversion rate (industry avg: 2-3%) |
External data correlation reveals hidden demand drivers. Sunglasses sales spike with UV index and temperature, enabling proactive inventory positioning.
Prescriptive Analytics answers "What should we do?" by using optimization algorithms and simulation to recommend the best course of action from many possibilities. It goes beyond prediction to decision-making.
Pricing is optimized in real-time based on demand elasticity, competitor pricing, inventory levels, and customer segment willingness-to-pay.
| Factor | Weight | Data Source | Impact on Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demand Elasticity | 30% | Historical sales at different price points | High elasticity → lower price; low elasticity → higher price |
| Competitor Price | 25% | Web scraping (Amazon, Flipkart, brand sites) | Match or undercut by 5-10% on comparable SKUs |
| Inventory Level | 20% | Real-time stock position + aging | Overstock → discount; scarce → premium |
| Customer Segment | 15% | CRM loyalty tier, purchase history | VIP sees lower prices; new customer sees intro offer |
| Seasonality | 10% | Time of year, weather, events | Sunglasses premium in summer; clearance in winter |
Which SKUs should be stocked at which stores? Prescriptive analytics uses store demographics, sales history, and space constraints to optimize assortment.
| Input | Data | Optimization Goal |
|---|---|---|
| Store Demographics | Age, income, occupation, fashion index of catchment area | Match frame styles to local taste |
| Sales History | 2-year sell-through by SKU-store combination | Stock proven performers; test new SKUs |
| Space Constraints | Display slots, backroom capacity, planogram rules | Maximize revenue per square foot |
| Margin Mix | Gross margin by SKU, inventory carrying cost | Balance volume drivers with margin drivers |
| Seasonality | Monthly demand patterns by category | Rotate seasonal SKUs at right time |
| New Product Pipeline | Launch calendar, expected sell-through | Allocate test quantities to high-potential stores |
Allocate marketing budget across channels to maximize customer acquisition while maintaining LTV:CAC ratio above 3:1.
Optimize the flow of goods from suppliers through warehouses to stores/customers to minimize total landed cost while meeting service level agreements.
| Decision Variable | Optimization Approach | Expected Savings |
|---|---|---|
| Warehouse Location | Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) minimizing transport + facility costs | 12-18% logistics cost reduction |
| Inventory Positioning | Multi-echelon inventory optimization (MEIO) | 20-30% inventory reduction with same service level |
| Transport Mode Selection | Dynamic programming per shipment based on cost, speed, reliability | 8-15% freight cost reduction |
| Route Optimization | Vehicle routing problem (VRP) solver for last-mile delivery | 15-25% delivery cost reduction |
| Production Scheduling | Constraint-based scheduling minimizing changeovers and idle time | 10-20% capacity increase |
The Event Bus is the asynchronous nervous system of the ecosystem. Instead of services calling each other directly (tight coupling), they publish events to Kafka topics and subscribe to relevant topics. This enables scalability, resilience, and loose coupling.
| Topic | Events | Producers | Consumers | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| order.events | Created, Paid, Confirmed, Shipped, Delivered, Cancelled, Returned | OMS, Payment, Shipping | Inventory, Notification, Analytics, CRM | ~50K/day |
| inventory.events | StockChanged, Reserved, Released, Allocated, TransferInitiated, TransferCompleted | Inventory Engine, WMS | OMS, Sales Channels, Reorder, Analytics | ~200K/day |
| customer.events | ProfileUpdated, ConsentChanged, SegmentChanged, LoyaltyPointsEarned, TierUpgraded | CRM, Loyalty, Consent Platform | Marketing, Analytics, Notification | ~30K/day |
| clinical.events | ExamCompleted, RxCreated, RxUpdated, AppointmentBooked, AppointmentCancelled | EHR, Doctor Portal | OMS, CRM, Notification, Compliance | ~10K/day |
| payment.events | Initiated, Success, Failed, Refunded, Disputed | Payment Service | OMS, Notification, Accounting, Fraud | ~50K/day |
| manufacturing.events | JobCreated, StationStarted, StationCompleted, QCPassed, QCFailed, JobDispatched | MES, Lab Stations | OMS, Notification, Analytics | ~5K/day |
Events follow a strict schema (Avro/Protobuf/JSON Schema) enforced by a schema registry. This prevents breaking changes and ensures backward compatibility.
| Scenario | Handling | Retry Policy | Alert |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schema Validation Fail | Route to DLQ; alert data engineering | No retry (fix schema first) | Immediate PagerDuty |
| Consumer Timeout | Retry with exponential backoff | 3 retries: 1s, 5s, 25s | After 3rd failure |
| Downstream Service Unavailable | Pause consumer; queue builds | Resume when health check passes | After 5 min downtime |
| Duplicate Event | Idempotent consumer (eventId dedup) | N/A | Metric spike only |
| Out-of-Order Events | Event sourcing with versioning; reconcile | Buffer until dependency arrives | If buffer > 100 events |
Kafka retains events for a configurable period (default 7 days, extended to 30 days for compliance topics). This enables:
The Payment Service provides a single API for all payment operations across B2C, B2B, retail, and online channels. It abstracts provider-specific implementations behind a common interface.
| Provider | Markets | Methods | Settlement | Transaction Fee |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Razorpay | India | UPI, Cards (Visa/MC/RuPay), Netbanking, Wallets (Paytm, PhonePe), EMI, PayLater | T+2 to bank account | 2.0% + GST |
| Stripe | Global (excl. India for domestic) | Cards, Apple Pay, Google Pay, BNPL (Klarna, Affirm), Bank Transfer | T+7 (rolling) | 2.9% + $0.30 |
| PayPal | Global | PayPal balance, Cards, PayPal Credit | T+1 to PayPal; T+3 to bank | 2.9% + fixed fee |
| Cash on Delivery | India, SE Asia, Middle East | Cash, card-on-delivery | T+1 (courier remittance) | ₹30-50 per order + 1% |
| B2B Credit | All (distributor network) | Net 30/60/90 invoicing, letter of credit | Per invoice terms | 1.5-3% financing cost |
| Signal | Risk Weight | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| Velocity | High | Max 3 attempts per card per hour; block after 5 failed attempts |
| Device Fingerprint | Medium | Flag new devices, VPNs, emulators; require OTP for high-risk |
| Address Verification | Medium | Match billing address with card issuer record (AVS) |
| 3D Secure | High | Mandatory for cards >₹2,000; optional for trusted customers |
| Behavioral Biometrics | Medium | Typing speed, mouse movements, session duration anomalies |
| BIN Check | Low | Validate card country vs. shipping country; flag mismatches |
| Blacklist | Critical | Block known fraud cards, devices, emails instantly |
The Shipping Service provides a unified interface to multiple carriers, enabling intelligent carrier selection, label generation, tracking, and rate shopping.
| Carrier | Integration | Strengths | Coverage | API Latency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Dart | REST API + SOAP (legacy) | Reliability, premium service, COD support | 35,000+ pincodes | ~500ms |
| Delhivery | REST API (v2) | Cost-effective, scale, 18K+ pincodes | 18,000+ pincodes | ~300ms |
| Shiprocket | REST API | Multi-carrier rate shopping, NDR management | All major carriers | ~400ms |
| DHL Express | REST API (MyDHL+) | International express, customs expertise | 220+ countries | ~600ms |
| FedEx | REST API (FedEx Ship Manager) | 220+ countries | ~500ms | |
| Dunzo / Swiggy | REST API | Hyperlocal same-day, instant delivery | Metro cities | ~200ms |
| Status | Meaning | Auto-Action | Customer Communication |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHIPMENT_CREATED | Label generated, awaiting pickup | Schedule pickup with carrier | — |
| PICKED_UP | Carrier collected from warehouse | Update inventory (in-transit) | "Your order is on its way!" |
| IN_TRANSIT | Moving through carrier network | Poll tracking every 4 hours | — |
| OUT_FOR_DELIVERY | At local hub, with delivery agent | SMS alert to customer | "Arriving today! Be ready." |
| DELIVERED | Successfully delivered | Trigger review request, update order | "How was your experience?" |
| NDR — Customer Not Available | Delivery attempted, no one home | Auto-schedule re-attempt (max 3) | "We missed you! Reschedule: [link]" |
| NDR — Address Issue | Incomplete/invalid address | Auto-call customer for address correction | "Please confirm your address" |
| NDR — COD Refused | Customer refused to pay/accept | Return to origin; flag customer account | — |
| RTO — Return to Origin | Undeliverable after 3 attempts | Restock inventory; process refund | "Your order is being returned. Refund in 5-7 days." |
The Notification Service is a shared infrastructure for all customer, doctor, and internal communications. It handles templating, personalization, delivery, and compliance across email, SMS, WhatsApp, and push.
| Channel | Provider | Throughput | Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SendGrid (primary), AWS SES (backup) | 100K/hour | ₹0.05-0.20 | Rich content, attachments, newsletters | |
| SMS | MSG91 (India), Twilio (global) | 50K/hour | ₹0.15-0.30 | Urgent alerts, OTP, short messages |
| WhatsApp Business API (Meta) | 20K/hour | ₹0.40-0.80 | Rich media, two-way support, catalogs | |
| Push | Firebase Cloud Messaging, OneSignal | 500K/hour | Free (Firebase) | App engagement, flash sales |
| Voice/IVR | Twilio, Exotel | 5K/hour | ₹1.50-3.00/min | Appointment reminders, payment follow-up |
Messages are generated from templates with dynamic variable substitution, conditional blocks, and multi-language support.
| Regulation | Requirement | System Enforcement |
|---|---|---|
| TRAI (India SMS) | DND scrubbing, template registration, sender ID | Auto-scrub against TRAI DND registry; reject non-template SMS |
| GDPR (EU) | Consent for marketing, right to opt-out, data portability | Check consent flag before send; one-click unsubscribe; export API |
| DPDP (India) | Granular consent, data principal rights | Consent manager integration; block send if consent revoked |
| WhatsApp Policies | 24-hour session window, template approval | Template pre-approval workflow; session window tracking |
| CAN-SPAM (US) | Unsubscribe mechanism, physical address, truthful subject | Auto-append unsubscribe footer; subject line validation |
The ERP Connector synchronizes all financial transactions between the operational system (OMS, Inventory, Manufacturing) and the general ledger. This ensures accounting accuracy, tax compliance, and management reporting.
| ERP System | Best For | Integration Method | Sync Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odoo | Mid-market, modular, open-source | REST API + Python SDK | Real-time (webhook) + nightly batch |
| SAP S/4HANA | Enterprise, complex multi-entity | OData API + IDoc | Real-time + hourly delta |
| NetSuite | Mid-to-large, cloud-native | REST API + SuiteTalk SOAP | Real-time + daily reconciliation |
| Tally | India SME, GST compliance | TallyPrime XML + ODBC | Daily batch (end-of-day) |
| Zoho Books | Small-to-mid, cost-effective | REST API | Hourly sync |
Every operational event generates corresponding GL entries. The mapping ensures the chart of accounts reflects business reality.
| Step | System Action | ERP Impact |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Invoice Created | OMS generates invoice JSON | Invoice queued for IRP upload |
| 2. IRN Generated | JSON uploaded to GSTN; IRN + QR received | IRN stored against invoice; QR embedded in PDF |
| 3. GL Entry | Auto-post revenue, tax, and receivable entries | Trial balance updated; GST liability recognized |
| 4. GSTR-1 Populate | Invoice data auto-populates GSTR-1 return | Monthly return ready for filing |
| 5. E-Way Bill | Auto-generate for inter-state transfers >₹50,000 | Transport compliance; vehicle check at checkpoints |
| 6. Reconciliation | Match GSTR-2A (supplier data) with purchase register | Identify missing ITC; flag discrepancies |
Not all lens manufacturing happens in-house. External Lab Integration connects the ecosystem to third-party optical labs for overflow capacity, specialized coatings, or geographic coverage.
| Integration Type | Data Exchange | Frequency | Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lab Order Submission | Rx, frame specs, lens material, coating, delivery address | Per order (real-time) | REST API or SFTP (XML/JSON) |
| Job Status Tracking | Received → In Progress → Coating → Edging → QC → Shipped | Every 2 hours + event-driven | Webhook or API polling |
| Quality Report | Power verification, coating test, visual inspection results | Per job completion | PDF + structured data (JSON) |
| Shipping Notification | AWB, carrier, ETA, package contents | On dispatch | Webhook or EDI |
| Invoice Reconciliation | Lab invoice vs. system job records; variance flagging | Weekly | API + manual review for exceptions |
| Metric | Target | Measurement | Consequence |
|---|---|---|---|
| On-Time Delivery | >95% | Promised date vs. actual dispatch | <90%: volume reduction; <85%: contract review |
| Quality Pass Rate | >98% | QC failures / Total jobs received | <95%: 100% incoming inspection; <90%: termination |
| Rx Accuracy | 100% | Power verification matches submitted Rx | Any error: root cause + corrective action; repeat: termination |
| Damage in Transit | <0.5% | Damaged units / Total shipped | >1%: packaging audit; >2%: carrier change |
| Invoice Accuracy | 100% | Invoice matches agreed pricing and job count | Discrepancy: hold payment until resolved |
| Communication | <2 hours response | Avg time to respond to status query | >4 hours: escalation to partner management |
Marketing platform integrations enable closed-loop attribution — connecting ad spend to actual revenue, not just clicks. This powers ROAS optimization and budget reallocation.
| Platform | Integration | Data Flow | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Ads | Google Ads API + Google Analytics 4 | Offline conversion upload (order value, SKU); audience sync (CRM segments) | Search, Shopping, Performance Max campaigns with offline conversion optimization |
| Meta Ads (FB/IG) | Marketing API + Conversions API (CAPI) | Server-side event tracking (purchase, addToCart); custom audience from CRM | Retargeting, lookalike audiences, dynamic product ads |
| Amazon DSP | Amazon Advertising API | Sales data sync; campaign performance; inventory-aware ads | Sponsored Products, Sponsored Brands, display retargeting |
| Programmatic | DV360 / The Trade Desk API | Audience segments, conversion data, frequency capping | Display, video, CTV campaigns |
The CDP unifies customer data from all touchpoints and syncs enriched segments back to ad platforms for precise targeting.
| Tracking Method | Mechanism | Attribution Window | Commission Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unique Coupon Codes | Influencer-specific discount code (e.g., PRIYA15) | Code usage only | 10-20% of order value |
| UTM Tracking | URL parameters: utm_source, utm_campaign, utm_content (influencer ID) | 30 days (last-click) | CPA: ₹300-800 per acquisition |
| Post-Purchase Survey | "How did you hear about us?" at checkout | Self-reported | Used to validate pixel tracking |
| Affiliate Network Pixel | Third-party tracking pixel (Impact, Rakuten) | 30-90 days | Rev share: 8-15% |
| Social Listening | Monitor mentions, tags, story shares | Engagement-based | Flat fee + performance bonus |